2013م - 1444هـ
An_Introduction_to_Sociolinguistics_by_J
An Introduction to
Sociolinguistics
Fourth Edition
vii
Preface xii
Author’s Acknowledgements xvi
Publisher’s Acknowledgements xvii
1 What do sociolinguists study? 1
Section I Multilingual Speech Communities 17
2 Language choice in multilingual communities 19
3 Language maintenance and shift 53
4 Linguistic varieties and multilingual nations 76
5 National languages and language planning 100
Section II Language Variation: Focus on Users 129
6 Regional and social dialects 131
7 Gender and age 159
8 Ethnicity and social networks 186
9 Language change 206
Section III Language Variation: Focus on Uses 237
10 Style, context and register 239
11 Speech functions, politeness and cross-cultural communication 274
12 Gender, politeness and stereotypes 301
13 Language, cognition and culture 337
14 Analysing discourse 363
15 Attitudes and applications 409
16 Conclusion 439
References 454
Appendix: phonetic symbols 475
Glossary 477
Index 479
Brief Contents
Section I Multilingual Speech Communities 17
2 Language choice in multilingual communities 19
C hoosing your variety or code 19
D iglossia 2 7
C ode-switching or code-mixing 34
3 Language maintenance and shift 53
L anguage shift in different communities 53
L anguage death and language loss 58
F actors contributing to language shift 60
H ow can a minority language be maintained? 64
L anguage revival 67
4 Linguistic varieties and multilingual nations 76
V ernacular languages 77
S tandard languages 78
L ingua francas 8 2
P idgins and creoles 85
5 National languages and language planning 100
N ational and official languages 102
P lanning for a national official language 1 07
D eveloping a standard variety in Norway 111
T he linguist’s role in language planning 1 15
Contents
Contents
Section II Language Variation: Focus on Users 129
6 Regional and social dialects 131
R egional variation 1 32
S ocial variation 1 39
S ocial dialects 1 40
7 Gender and age 159
G ender-exclusive speech differences: highly structured communities 1 59
G ender-preferential speech features: social dialect research 1 63
G ender and social class 1 64
E xplanations of women’s linguistic behaviour 1 67
A ge-graded features of speech 1 75
A ge and social dialect data 1 77
A ge grading and language change 180
8 Ethnicity and social networks 186
E thnicity 1 86
S ocial networks 1 96
9 Language change 206
V ariation and change 207
H ow do changes spread? 2 14
H ow do we study language change? 2 19
R easons for language change 2 22
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