2017م - 1444هـ
Essentials of Linguistics - SOL*R



Essentials of Linguistics by Catherine Anderson is licensed under a Creative Commons

Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.



Contents

About the Book 1

About the Author 3

Acknowledgements 5

Part I. Chapter 1: Thinking Like a Linguist

1. 1.1 Linguistics is Science 9

2. 1.2 Mental Grammar 14

3. 1.3 Creativity and Generativity 19

4. 1.4 Fundamental Properties of Language 24

5. Practice Time 31

6. Summary 33

Part II. Chapter 2: Producing Speech Sounds

7. 2.1 How Humans Produce Speech 37

8. 2.2 Articulators 43

9. 2.3 Describing Speech Sounds: the IPA 48

10. 2.4 IPA symbols and speech sounds 54

11. 2.5 Sonority, Consonants, and Vowels 58

12. 2.6 Classifying Consonants 62

13. 2.7 Classifying Vowels 68

14. 2.8 Diphthongs 73



Part III. Chapter 3: Transcribing Speech Sounds

18. 3.1 Broad and Narrow Transcription 89

19. 3.2 IPA for Canadian English 91

20. 3.3 Syllabic Consonants 94

21. 3.4 Aspirated Stops in English 98

22. 3.5 Articulatory Processes: Assimilation 104

23. 3.6 Other Articulatory Processes 108

24. 3.7 Suprasegmentals 112

25. 3.8 Transcribing Casual Speech 117

26. Practice Time 123

27. Summary 125

Part IV. Chapter 4: Speech Sounds in the Mind

28. 4.1 Phonemes and Contrast 129

29. 4.2 Allophones and Predictable Variation 135

30. 4.3 Phonetic Segments and Features 140

31. 4.4 Natural Classes 145

32. 4.5 Phonological Derivations 154

33. Practice Time 160

34. Summary 163

Part V. Chapter 5: Psycholinguistics of Learning

Sounds

35. 5.1 How Babies Learn the Phoneme Categories of

Their Language

167

36. 5.2 How Adults Learn the Phoneme Categories in a

New Language

173

37. Practice Time 178

38. Summary 179

Part VI. Chapter 6: Word Forms

39. 6.1 Words and Morphemes 183

40. 6.2 Allomorphs 187

41. 6.3 Inflectional Morphology 189

42. 6.4 Derivational Morphology 194

43. 6.5 Inflectional Morphology in Some Indigenous

Languages

199

44. Practice Time 204

45. Summary 206

Part VII. Chapter 7: Combining Words

46. 7.1 Nouns, Verbs and Adjectives: Open Class

Categories

209

47. 7.2 Compound Words 214

48. 7.3 Closed Class Categories (Function Words) 219

49. 7.4 Auxiliaries 222

50. 7.5 Neurolinguistics: Syntactic Category Differences

in the Brain

224

51. Practice Time 229

52. Summary 231

Part VIII. Chapter 8: Forming Sentences

53.